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近日，云南农业大学普洱熟茶发酵团队联合中国农业科学院茶叶研究所茶深加工与多元化利用团队在国际食品科学顶级期刊《Trends in Food Science & Technology》上发表了题为《Ripened Pu-erh tea modulates the gut microbiome to enhance metabolic homeostasis and redox-inflammatory balance: A systematic review of core health benefits and mechanisms》的系统综述论文。该综述整合近40年来351项研究成果，涵盖23项临床试验及328项实验研究，首次系统阐明普洱熟茶通过调节肠道菌群，改善机体代谢稳态与氧化还原-炎症平衡的核心健康机制。研究指出，普洱熟茶在微生物发酵过程中形成的茶褐素和没食子酸等特征活性成分，能够显著重塑肠道微生态结构：降低厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比值，显著提升阿克曼菌、双歧杆菌和乳杆菌等有益菌的丰度。这一变化促进了短链脂肪酸（如乙酸、丙酸和丁酸）的生成，同时降低了脂多糖水平和胆汁盐水解酶活性，从而改善肠道氧化还原-炎症状态（如SOD↑、GSH↑，MDA↓、NF-κB↓、IL-6↓、TNF-α↓）并增强肠道屏障功能。短链脂肪酸通过激活肝脏和脂肪组织中的PPARγ/AMPK通路，促进脂肪酸β氧化和产热，抑制脂肪生成并改善葡萄糖稳态。此外，降低的胆盐水解酶活性改变了胆汁酸代谢，激活肠-肝FXR-FGF15轴以促进肝脏脂肪分解。临床研究证实，熟普洱茶具有代谢调节、抗氧化、抗炎、调节肠道菌群和器官保护的功效。饮用普洱熟茶可显著改善代谢综合征患者的血脂水平（总胆固醇↓、甘油三酯下降↓，高密度脂蛋白↑），降低内脏/肝脏脂肪堆积，缓解胰岛素抵抗，并发挥肝脏保护作用。该论文首次系统揭示了普洱熟茶以“肠道菌群-代谢-氧化还原炎症平衡”轴为核心的多靶点作用机制，为其作为预防和管理代谢相关慢性疾病的功能性饮品提供了科学依据，也为相关功能产品的深度开发指明了方向。

英 文 摘 要

Background: Ripened Pu-erh tea (RpPT), a distinctively fermented Chinese Geographical Indication product, is highly valued for its sensory properties and potential health benefits. However, the core health benefits of RpPT remain incompletely defined, and the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated.

Scope and approach: This review synthesizes evidence from the past four decades, gathered from both international and Chinese academic databases, to systematically define RpPT’score health benefits and elucidate their mechanistic basis, thereby supporting its practical applications.

Key findings and conclusions: Analysis of 351 studies indicates that RpPT’s primary health benefits include hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and redox-inflammatory balance effects, along with organ-protective, detoxifying, anti-cancer, and antimicrobial properties. The central mechanism involves profound remodeling of the gut microbiota, characterized by a decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and an increase in beneficial genera such as Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus. These changes elevate the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, while reducing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels and bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity. Consequently, improve intestinal redox-inflammatory status (SOD↑, GSH↑, MDA↓, NF-κB↓, IL-6↓, TNF-α↓) and intestinal barrier function. Systemically, SCFAs activate the PPARγ/AMPK pathways in the liver and adipose tissue, promoting lipid β-oxidation and thermogenesis while inhibiting lipogenesis and improving glucose homeostasis. Simultaneously, reduced BSH activity alters bile acid metabolism, activating the gut-liver FXR-FGF15 axis to facilitate lipolysis. Clinical trials confirm RpPT exerts metabolic regulation, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, gut microbiota modulation, and organ protection efficacy. Thus, RpPT’s core health benefits stem from its modulation of the gut microbiome, which enhances intestinal redox-inflammatory balance and barrier function, hence promotes metabolic homeostasis, positioning it as a promising functional beverage for managing metabolic disorders.

代 表 性 图 片

图1. 普洱茶的关键加工阶段：（A）晒青毛茶，（B）普洱生茶，（C）渥堆发酵，（D）普洱熟茶，（E）普洱熟茶渥堆发酵过程中感官特性、特征成分和微生物演替的变化。

图2. 普洱熟茶健康效益研究概述。

图3. 普洱熟茶提取物在脂糖代谢调节中的研究总结。（A）生化分析，（B）体外模型，和（C）体内模型及临床研究。注：“↑”代表升高/增加；“↓”代表降低/减少。

图4. 普洱熟茶提取物在脂糖代谢调节中的分子作用机制。注：“↑”代表升高/增加；“↓”代表降低/减少。

图5. 普洱熟茶提取物对氧化应激和炎症的双重调节。（A）体外系统，（B）体内模型，和（C）临床验证。注：“↑”代表升高/增加；“↓”代表降低/减少。

图6. 普洱熟茶提取物对肠道-免疫轴的调节。（A）动物模型中的微生物组-免疫互作，（B）临床验证，和（C）分子机制。注：“↑”代表升高/增加；“↓”代表降低/减少。

图7.（A）普洱熟茶提取物临床研究概览，（B）临床试验证据体系，和（C）普洱熟茶的核心健康效益：通过调节结肠微生物组来恢复/维持代谢稳态和氧化还原-炎症平衡。注：“↑”代表升高/增加；“↓”代表降低/减少。

文 章 作 者

该论文的第一作者为赵明教授和王藤博士，通讯作者为马燕副教授和许勇泉研究员。研究得到了国家自然科学基金（32160728, 32460780）、云南省基础研究重点项目（202501AS070039）及云南省农业联合专项面上项目资助（202401BD070001-007）。

审稿：安徽农业大学 张梁 教授

来源: 中国茶叶学会

内容资源由项目单位提供