这是一个关于注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的双语介绍。考虑到您之前关注“学习障碍”，我将重点放在ADHD与学习的关系、核心特征及干预策略上，采用先中文后英文的对照形式。

🧠 1. 核心定义

注意缺陷多动障碍（Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD）是一种常见的神经发育障碍。它主要表现为与年龄不相称的注意力不集中、多动和冲动行为。

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. It is primarily characterized by behavior that is inattentive, hyperactive, or impulsive to a degree that is inappropriate for a person's age.

关键认知：

-   大脑执行功能差异： ADHD并非孩子“懒惰”或“缺乏管教”，而是大脑负责自我调节和执行功能的区域（如前额叶）发育迟缓或功能连接异常。

-   大脑执行功能差异： ADHD is not about a child being "lazy" or "undisciplined," but rather a developmental lag or functional connectivity difference in the brain regions responsible for self-regulation and executive function (such as the prefrontal cortex).

📋 2. 三大核心症状

ADHD的症状通常分为三种类型：

中文名称   英文名称   具体表现

注意力不集中型   Inattentive Type   容易分心、粗心犯错、听不进别人说话、丢三落四、无法完成任务。(Easily distracted, careless mistakes, doesn't seem to listen, loses things, fails to finish tasks.)

多动冲动型   Hyperactive-Impulsive Type   坐立不安、不停说话、难以排队、打断别人说话。(Fidgeting, excessive talking, difficulty waiting turns, interrupting others.)

混合型   Combined Type   同时具备以上两类症状，这是最常见的情况。(Exhibits symptoms of both categories, which is the most common presentation.)

🎓 3. ADHD与学习

对学业的影响：

-   执行功能受损： 即使智力正常，ADHD儿童也常因无法集中注意力、缺乏时间管理能力、工作记忆差而导致学业成绩落后。

-   共病率高： ADHD常与特定学习障碍（如阅读障碍）、对立违抗障碍等共存，增加了辅导的复杂性。

-   Impact on Academics:

   -   Impaired Executive Function: Even with normal intelligence, children with ADHD often have poor academic performance due to an inability to focus, lack of time management skills, and poor working memory.

   -   High Comorbidity: ADHD frequently coexists with Specific Learning Disorders (e.g., Dyslexia) or Oppositional Defiant Disorder, increasing the complexity of intervention.

🤝 4. 应对与干预策略

综合治疗模式：

目前公认最有效的干预方式是“药物治疗+行为干预+教育支持”的多模式结合。

-   行为疗法： 建立清晰的规则和奖惩制度，使用代币制等正向激励手段。

   > Behavioral Therapy: Establishing clear rules and reward/punishment systems, using token economies and other positive reinforcement strategies.

-   学校与家庭支持：

   -   座位安排： 将孩子安排在靠近老师、远离门窗的位置。

   -   任务拆解： 将大任务分解为小步骤，及时给予反馈。

   -   School & Home Support:

       -   Seating Arrangement: Place the child near the teacher and away from doors/windows.

       -   Task Breakdown: Break large assignments into smaller steps and provide immediate feedback.

-   药物治疗： 在医生指导下使用兴奋剂或非兴奋剂药物，以改善大脑神经递质的传递。

   > Medication: Under a doctor's guidance, using stimulant or non-stimulant medications to improve neurotransmitter transmission in the brain.

💡 核心理念：

“理解先于纠正。” ADHD孩子不是不想做好，而是大脑的“刹车系统”反应慢半拍。

"Understanding comes before correction." Children with ADHD don't fail to behave well because they don't want to, but because their brain's "braking system" is slower to respond.

来源: 千问